|
LIST OF THE RULERS OF
THE MBUNDA KINGDOM

The Mbunda
Kingdom was an African kingdom located in west central
Africa, what is now southeast Angola, and the western
portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[1]
At its greatest extent, it reached from Mithimoyi in the
central Moxico to the Cuando Cubango Province in the
southeast, bordering with Namibia. The kingdom was ruled by
Mwene wa Ngoma (King), and its sphere of influence extended
to neighbouring countries, such as Zambia and Namibia.[2]
In the earlier
years before 1500’s a group of Bantu people left what is now
Sudan,[3] during
the Bantu migration. Among these were the Mbunda,[4]
one of the oldest and biggest ethnic grouping in Southern
Africa.
The Mbunda
Kingdom dates back from well before the Mwantiyavwa Dynasty
was established in Kola.[5]
The Mbunda
trace their origin from Sudan,[6]
trekking southwards through Kola where they came in contact
with the Luba and Ruund people,[7]
where a misunderstanding between the third Monarch Yamvu and
forth Monarch Nkonde led to a split after Yamvu married a
Luba Hunter. One faction gave rise to the Mwata Yamvwa
Kingdom after adopting the name Mwata Yamwa in 1695, while
the other faction led by Mwene Nkonde retained the Mbunda
dynasty and moved eastwards and settled at the confluence of
Kwilu and Kasai Rivers where the Mbunda Kingdom was
re-established.[8]
The
following is a complete list of rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom,
established at the confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers in the now
Democratic Republic of the Congo in the fifteenth century.[9]
In the
early 17th century, it was re-established in Mbundaland,
a state southeast of the present day Angola covering Moxico and
Cuando Cubango Provinces. During much of this time it was a
sovereign kingdom, ruled by native kings and queens.[10]
In 1914, King Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova
led the Mbunda people in resisting Portuguese colonialism, which led
to his abduction and a bitter war that eventually resulted in
Angolan sovereignty over
Mbundaland.,[11]
[12]
Early monarchs
[13]
Name
|
Lifespan
|
Reign start
|
Reign end
|
Notes
|
Family
|
Image
|
1. King
Mwene Nkuungu
|
His Palace was in Kola |
? |
? |
The first Mbunda Monarch, reigned in
KOLA now Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namampongwe
Palace. |
He had one known child: 1). Princess Vamunamwene Naama |
|
2. Queen
Vamwene Naama
|
|
? |
? |
Decreed that during the Queen's menstruation period or
should a Queen marry, instruments of power should be handed
over to a brother. |
She had four children:
1). Prince Munamwene Nkonde,
2). Prince Munamwene Chinguli,
3). Princess Vamunamwene Yamvu,
4). Princess Vamunamwene Lukokesha
Mema Kafu Mbwita |
|
3. Queen
Vamwene Yamvu
|
Her Palace was at Namampongwe, within
the vicinity of Lubaland and the Lundaland. |
? |
? |
Her adoption to succeed to the Mbunda
monarch throne was in recognition of the ordeal women
experience during the time of giving birth. It was further
decreed that if a female monarch was crowned, she should not
get married. If she did get married then she should
surrender her royal bracelet to her immediate brother.
However, she later married a Luban hunter, who imposed
himself on the Mbunda monarch throne. That made her brother
Prince Munamwene Nkonde to become so incensed with her
conduct that he led most of the Mbunda in frustration anger
from Namampongwe and to re-establish the Mbunda Kingdom at
the confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers. According to the
Mbunda custom of the time Queen Vamwene Yamvu should not
have married. In the case where she did marry she should
have surrendered the rulership to her brother Prince
Munamwene Nkonde. Instead she surrendered the rulership to
her Luban husband. It was from that split that the Luunda
and Mbunda Kingdoms develop. The children of Prince
Munamwene Nkonde with Queen Vamwene Yamvu descended to form
the Luunda Kingdom of Mwantiyavwa. From Prince Munamwene
Nkonde and his children with Princess Vamunamwene Lukokesha
developed the Mbunda Kingdom,.[14]
[15] |
She had three children with her
brother Prince Munamwene Nkonde:
1). Prince Munamwene Katongo,
2). Prince Munamwene Chiti,
3). Prince Munamwene Nkole. |
|
Re-Established Mbunda Kingdom monarchs at the
confluence of Kwilu and Kasai Rivers, in the now Democratic Republic
of the Congo
[16]
[17]
Name
|
Lifespan
|
Reign start
|
Reign end
|
Notes
|
Family
|
Image
|
4. King
Mwene Nkonde
|
c. 1500s, and his Palace was at the
confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers |
c. 1500s |
c. 1500s |
He led the Mbunda in frustration from
Namampongwe and re-established the Mbunda Kingdom at the
confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers. |
He had five children with his sister
Princess Vamwene Lukokesha Mema Kafu Mbwita:
1). Prince Chinguli,
2). Prince Chimbangala,
3). Prince Yambayamba,
4). Prince Nkonde,
5). Prince Chombe. |
|
5. King
Mwene Chinguli cha Nkonde
|
c. 1500s, and his Palace was at the
confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers |
c. 1500s |
c. 1500s |
He was installed while the father King
Mwene Nkonde was still on the throne. This is the only time
the Mbunda had two Monarchs at one given time. Due to bad
climatic hardships in Kwilu
Kasai, his father sent him with a number of his people on an
expedition to search for better land for settlement. He led
those Mbunda in a first and more central/south route entry
into the present day Angola, which took him all the way
beyond the Cuando River. This route left a trail of
Mbunda descendant groups, who were later
called: The Chimbandi, Ngonjelo,
Luimbi, Humbi, and
Nyemba. He never returned to Kwilu
Kasai to report his findings. |
He had three children:
1). Princess Mbaao,
2). Prince Nkonde,
3). Prince Luputa |
|
6. QueenVamwene
Mbaao ya Chinguli
|
c. 1500s, and his Palace was at the
confluence of Kwilu and Kasai rivers |
c. 1500s |
Early c. 1600s |
After the death of King Mwene Nkonde and in the absence of
King Mwene Chinguli, who never returned from the better
settlement land expedition, Queen Vamwene Mbaao ya Nkonde
succeeded the Mbunda monarch. |
She had five children:
1). Princess Vamunamwene Kaamba,
2). Princess Vamunamwene Mbayi,
3). Prince Munamwene Kwandu,
4). Prince Munamwene Chondela,
5). Prince Munamwene Lilu. |
|
The Mbunda Kingdom Established in Mbundaland
After The First Settlement At Mithimoyi, in the now Angola, Moxico[18]
Name
|
Lifespan
|
Reign start
|
Reign end
|
Notes
|
Family
|
Image
|
7. Queen
Vamwene Kaamba ka Mbaao
|
Her Palace was at Mithimoyi |
c. 1600s |
? |
She migrated a great number of the
Mbunda from their settlement at the confluence of Kwilu and
Kasai rivers in the now Democratic Republic of the Congo, in
the 17th Century. She later dispatched another group of the
Mbunda to scout for more settlement land. That group of the
Mbunda settled in Luchathzi river south of Luena, who were
later called the Luchazi after that river. |
She had five children:
1). Prince Munamwene Chingwanja,
2). Prince Munamwene Mulondola,
3). Prince Munamwene Ndongo,
4). Princess Vamunamwene Muyeji,
5. Princess Vamunamwene Katheketheke. |
|
8. King
Mwene Chingwanja cha Kaamba
|
His Palace was at Mithimoyi |
? |
? |
|
He had eight children:
1). Prince Munamwene Lweembe,
2). Prince Munamwene Nkonde,
3). Prince Munamwene Nkombwe,
4). Prince Munamwene Ndongo,
5). Prince Munamwene Mwiinga,
6). Prince Munamwene Kamenga,
7). Princess Vamunamwene Vipalo,
8). Prince Munamwene Luputa. |
|
9. King
Mwene Lweembe lwa Chingwanja
|
His Palace was at Mithimoyi |
? |
? |
He decreed that Luena and Mithimoyi form
Mbundaland. He consolidated that decree by sending Princes
to settle in localities of rivers such as Lunguevungu River,
Luxe, Mwangayi, Kembo, and the tributaries of Luena River
such as Luthivi, Kanathi, Ndala and Luantamba. |
He had five children:
1). Prince Katete,
2). Prince Mununga,
3). Prince Kathangila,
4). Prince Chondela,
5). Princess Mukenge |
|
10. King
Mwene Katete ka Lweembe
|
His Palace was at Mithimoyi |
? |
? |
He commissioned Prime Consort
Mukwetunga Kamenga to hunt down elephants who
caused havock in Mbundaland. In pursuit of an elephant that
escaped with the King's special spear, stuck in its rib side
towards Lubaland, Prime Consort Mukwetunga Kamenga
strayed onto a Mukanda Circumcision camp for the
Mbwela people, near the present day Angola and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo border
[19]
in Lubaland. This led to him getting circumcised and
introduced the Mukanda circumcision ritual to the
Mbunda upon his return. |
He had no children |
|
11. Queen
Vamwene Mukenge wa Lweembe, Livindamo
- Livindamo. Since
she delayed in having children, her rulership was
nicknamed Livindamo
which mearnt the place
of ill fortune or hard luck.
|
Her Palace was at Mithimoyi |
? |
? |
She was the wife of
Prince Consort Mukwetunga Kamenga who was sent in
pursuit of the elephants. When
Prince Consort Mukwetunga Kamenga returned with the
Mukanda circumcision ritual, he found
King Mwene Katete who sent him had died and his wife had
succeeded him.
Queen Vamwene Mukenge, Livindamo was the last female
Mbunda monarch. That was as a result of the circumcision
ritual adoption meant for men only, which led to female
rulership being subordinated to male political authority.
This change meant that only male royalty could be enthroned
as sovereign rulers or monarchs of the Mbunda Kingdom.
Female royalty could henceforth never again assume the
Mbunda monarch. |
Eventually she had five children:
1). Prince Munamwene Kathangila,
2). Princess Vamunamwene Naama,
3). Princess Vamunamwene Chioola,
4). Princess Vamunamwene Muulo,
5). Princess Vamunamwene Mununga. |
|
Mbunda Monarchs Expand Mbundaland Beyond The
First Settlement At Mithimoyi, in the now Angola,
to cover
Moxico and
Cuando Cubango
[20]
Name
|
Lifespan
|
Reign start
|
Reign end
|
Notes
|
Family
|
Image
|
12. King
Mwene Kathangila ka Mukenge
|
His Palace was at Mithimoyi |
? |
? |
He split the
Mbunda as he followed the expedition route of King
Mwene Chinguli cha Nkonde in the 16th Century. He
traveled all the way up to
Kweve River, the tributary of
Kwitu River where he finally settled with the Mbunda
group he traveled with. These eventually developed
Mbunda dialects of
Nkangala,
Yauma,
Ndundu and
Maxaka,.[21][22] |
He had five children:
1). Prince Munamwene Yambayamba Kapanda,
2). Prince Munamwene Chingumbe,
3). Princess Vamunamwene Mpande,
4). Princess Vamunamwene Kamana,
5). Princess Vamunamwene Muulo. |
|
13. King
Mwene Yambayamba Kapanda
|
His Palace was called Chimpaka cha
Livambi at the confluence of
Lunguevungu River and
Luyo rivers |
? |
? |
He was the first nephew to succeed to
the Mbunda monarch after a decree to abandon sons of Kings
ascending to the throne. The wisdom behind that is that a
woman's child is hers without doubt. In consolidating the
Mbunda new found lands of settlement and strengthen
Mbundaland, He followed
King Kathangila expedition route, travelling all the way
to
Kunte river, Kandthzelendthzendthze, source of
Lunguevungu River,
Cuando River and
Kwitu rivers. He found the
Humbi, the
Luimbi and the
Ngonjelo in a war, fighting the
Nyemba and the
Chimbandi. The King and his people helped the provocked
and chased the provokers along the
Kwitu river source. He left Nobleman Mwata Chuma and his
people to settle along
Kunte river, to safeguard
Mbundaland.
King Yambayamba Kapanda was a warrior king who conguered
many lands all the way south to the boundary with Chivanda (Namibia)
and settled his people in all those areas to secure
Mbundaland. As most of the Mbunda migrated south from
the
Luena regions of
Mithimoyi, those that remained eventually developed a
Mbunda dialect called
Sango,[23][24]
because of mixing and iner-marriage with the
Chinyama Lundas who were later called the
Luvale, who arrived had in the area long after the
Mbunda had migrated south. |
He had five children:
1). Princess Vamunamwene Mukombe,
2). Princess Vamunamwene Xwaka,
3). Prince Munamwene Muyakata,
4). Prince Munamwene Chikungwe,
5). Prince Munamwene Nambwa. |
|
14. King
Mwene Chingumbe
|
His Palace was called Lilembalemba along
Lukonya river |
1700s |
1700s |
He attempted to reverse the decree of only nephews ascending
to the Mbunda monarch by decreeing that his son succeeds him
after his death . |
He had five children:
1). Prince Munamwene Nkombwe Kapamuka,
2). Prince Munamwene Yembe Katete,
3). Prince Munamwene Chitengi Chingumbe
Chiyengele,
4). Princess Vamunamwene Kakuhu,
5). Prince Munamwene Mpili. |
|
15. King
Mwene Chitengi Chingumbe Chiyengele
- Chiyengele. This meant "the great elephant
hunter"
|
His Palace was briefly along Lukonya river |
1795 |
1795 |
He succeeded his father King Chingumbe
upon the deceased's decree, but because of the earlier
decree of nephew successors only, the
Mbunda scheemed to remove him. In frustration he
migrated to
Barotseland in the now
Zambia in 1795 with a group of his Mbunda followers and
settled in
Mongu. He was received by the Aluyi King Mulambwa and
made a ten point friendship treaty. These were later called
the Chiyengele group or
Mbunda Xamuka.[25] |
The exact number of children not clearly recorded except for
one: 1). Prince Munamwene Ngulungu. |
|
16. King
Mwene Ngonga I Chiteta
- Chiteta meaning "the
beheader"
|
His Palace was along
Lukonya river |
1795 |
? |
He was known for his cruelity of
beheading wrong doers at his palace. That cruelity caused a
number of the Mbunda to relocate to a region called
Mbalango, who eventually developed a
Mbunda dialect called
Mbalango.[26][27] |
He had four children:
1). Prince Munamwene Kathaka,
2). Prince Munamwene Lyangongama,
3). Prince Munamwene Vunonge,
4). Prince Munamwene Liwanika. |
|
17. King
Mwene Nyumbu Luputa lwa Mpande
|
His Palace was along
Luvweyi river |
1800s |
1800s |
He posted chiefs and noblemen (vimyata)
to all the border areas of Mbundaland and along all the main
rivers. His people made enough weapons; bows and arrows,
spears, shields and the hand-to-hand fighting axes (vukama).
Guns were bought or confiscated from the Vimbali or
Ovimbundu who were the main source of guns and kept in
the Mwene's vithala (armouries). The aim was to protect
Mbundaland against external aggression. It was rumored that
the
Chokwe, the
Luvale and the Vimbali or
Ovimbundu slave traders might invade the country in
search of slaves and even land to settle. There was calm in
Mbundaland during his reign. His rule was epitomised by
expanded trade, which next to adequate food production and
defensive capability, became another important sphere of
activity in the Mbunda state. |
? |
|
18. King
Mwene Ngonga II Linjengele Kawewe
|
His Palace was along
Luanginga river |
1800s |
1800s |
It was during his reign that a trade
pact was made with Vimbali or
Ovimbundu chieftain and trade expedition leader
appointed by the Portuguese, and remembered as Sova
Kapitango, presented various gifts like guns, gunpowder,
cloth and, one gift which engendered enormous curiosity, the
gift of pigs. That was the first introduction of pigs in
Mbundaland. |
? |
|
19. King
Mwene Katavola I Mwechela
|
His Palace was along
Luvweyi river |
1800s |
1800s |
In consultation with his inner circle of advisors, he
promulgated a royal decree which forbade intermarriages with
other nationalities. These royal edicts, affected a large
percentage of the populace, especially the nobility and
royals, who apparently felt oppressed and out-manoeuvred by
their monarch, with such an uncompromising attitude. In the
disaffection that ensued, the abolitionist cabal,
clandestinely plotted against and finally assassinated Mwene
Katavola I Mwechela during a hunting expedition. The
conspirators in the royal entourage did not wish to publicly
disclose what precisely had brought about the death of their
ruler. They conspired to give a fabricated version claiming
that their monarch had been killed and eaten by a ferocious
lion whilst he was relieving himself at night. |
? |
|
20. King
Mwene Katavola II Muthangu
|
His Palace was located in the valley of
the
Kovongo river. |
1800s |
1800s |
He contravened the royal decree of his
predecessor by his passion for a
Chokwe slave beauty named Nyakoma, who was owned by the
Chokwe Chief called Mwa Mushilinjinji whom he allocated land
to settle at the
Luwe, a tributary of the
Nengu river. Chief Mushilinjinji diplomatically could
not accept Mwene Katavola II Musangu's marriage proposal
because it was a universal taboo for a royal personage like
the king to marry a slave, no matter how attracted he was to
her because the offspring of such a marriage could never
qualify as royals. That resulted in his declaration of war
against the
Chokwe people and chase them out of the Mbunda country.
He was killed within a few days after the Mbunda-Chokwe
battle, having been ambushed and killed by the Chokwe guards
who then ran away, all the way back to their original
homeland in the present-day
Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
? |
|
21. King
Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova
|
His Palace was called Kalyamba located
in the valley of
Lunjweva and
Lwati rivers. |
1800s |
1914 |
He became a key monarch resisting
against Portuguese occupation of
Moxico, which resulted in large-scale abductions by the
Portuguese of many of those resisting their occupation.[28]
He waged a systematic war of vengeance against the
Chokwe for his nephew's death. It is as a result of
those battles, that the lasting relationship between the
Mbunda and the
Chokwe developed. He also led the
Mbunda in their armed confrontation with the
Luvale who were anxious to break the military power and
independence of the Mbunda state and wanted to capture
slaves for sale. The two opposing military forces engaged
each other in armed combat in the Lunjweva area where he
shot and killed
Masambo, the leader of the invading Luvale forces. With
the elimination of Masambo, the invaders were put to rout
and forced to beat a hasty and disorderly retreat back to
their homeland. In recognition of his capability in quelling
threats against the Mbunda he was affectionately given the
sobriquet: Kathzima Mishambo which means the "extinguisher
of flames." The
Mbunda nation remained unconquered and in a state of
full military preparedness during his reign. He maintained
trade links with the Portuguese merchants in the hinterland
of the
Bié Plateau and on the Atlantic coastline through their
long time agents the
Ovimbundu traders. This trade was later disrupted by the
Portuguese war of occupation in 1917, which brought the
country of the
Mbunda within the borders of
Angola, when in 1914 he refused to be summoned by the
Portuguese Governor who demanded an audience with the
Monarch, instead counter demanded for the commander to make
it clear to the Governor that, as he was the sovereign ruler
of the Mbunda country, he had the right to counter-demand
that the governor should instead travel to the Mbunda
country since he was the one who wished to have an audience
with him. That led to his abduction by the Portuguese
colonialists. |
He had following childrem:
1). Prince Sempyeka Lyondthzi,
2). Prince Mumbamba Lyondthzi,
3). Prince Limbwambwa Kalyangu Lyondthzi,
4). Prince Ndeletu Kashweka Lyondthzi,
5). Prince Malali Kazungo Lyondthzi,
6). Libingi Kachungwa Lyondthzi.
His sister Vamwene Kameya Miyeji children were:
1). Litemba Vukolo,
2). Kathzungo Shanda,
3). Fwelu Vithzinga,
4). Luneta Nguvu,
5). Chinoya Thungwanga,
6). Machayi Ngambo,
7). Lyonde Viyela. |
|
Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova, the 21st
Monarch of
Mbundaland
|
22. King
Mwene Mbandu II Kathzungo Xaanda
|
His Palace was called Kalyamba located
in the valley of
Lunjweva and
Lwati rivers. |
1914 |
1974 |
A nephew of the kidnapped King
Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova who was quickly
recognized as Sova, (the name the Portuguese gave to the
chiefs they recognized) of the entire
Mbunda nation by the victorious Portuguese colonists. He
reigned as the twenty-second Mbunda King even though his own
people did not enthrone him in accordance with the
established, traditional royal ritual. Meanwhile the
colonists rewarded him with colonial uniforms and the
privilege to be carried about in a hammock like some
colonial administrator. This was against traditional
privilege which entitled
Mbunda monarchs and chiefs to be carried about on the
backs of ox bulls which were adorned with ringing bells. He
is remembered for travelling to Silva Porto Biê which is
called
Kwito today, in 1948 to meet Governor
Hortrêncio de Sousa, to request for a school to be built
in Mbundaland. The meeting was facilitated by
Lovato Faria the Administrtor of
Lumbala Nguimbo and
João de Nascimento Rodrigues of
Vila Luso, which is today called
Luena. When the
Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), started, he
committed himself and his people to work with MPLA to fight
the Portuguese and liberate
Angola and
Mbundaland. He became the leader of sector I, Zone C of
MPLA. In 1972 during the heat of armed liberation war
against Portuguese colonialism the King gave room to the
armed struggle and migrated to
Zambia where he died in exile, late in 1974, in the
Kalabo District. King Mwene Kazungo Xaanda's grave is in
the Lyondondo village of Kaole area. |
? |
|
King Mwene Mbandu II Kathzungo Xaanda, the
22nd Monarch of
Mbundaland
|
23. King
Mwene Mbandu III Mbandu Lifuti
|
His Palace is called Kaamba ka Mbaao
located in
Lumbala Nguimbo,
Moxico Province. |
16 August 2008 |
Reigning by the year 2013 |
On 16 August 2008, the
Mbunda Kingdom which was dislodged in 1920 after the
Mbunda resistance to Portuguese colonial occupation,
when the Portuguese colonialists abducted the twenty first
(21st) Mbunda Monarch, King
Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova (Kathzima Mishambo)
[29]
and eventually extending
Angola territory over Mbundaland
[30]
was restored, with the enthronement of the twenty third
(23rd) Mbunda Monarch,
King Mwene Mbandu III Mbandu Lifuti. The ceremony took
place in
Lumbala Nguimbo,
Moxico Province and officiated by Deputy Minister of
Territory, Garciano Domingos Sunday, Governor of
Moxico Province, João Ernesto dos Santos "Liberdade" and
Angolan Ambassador acredited to Zambia, Mr. Pedro Neto.[31]
Also in attendance were Chiefs Chiyengele and Kandala, two
of the three Chieftainships which migrated from Mbundaland
to Barotseland of the now
Zambia at the end of the 18th century.[32] |
? |
Mbunda
23rd Monarch His Majesty, King
Mwene Mbandu III Mbandu Lifuti
at His coronation and
restoration of The Mbunda
Kingdom in 2008.
|
References
[1] Almanac of African Peoples & Nations page 523,
Social Science By Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Transaction Publishers,
Putgers - The State University, New Jersey,
ISBN 1-56000-433-9
[2]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, page 90, Lusaka Cheke
Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[3]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke Cultural
Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[4]
See René Pélissier:
Les Guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en
Angola (1845-1941), Montamets/Orgeval:
Éditions Pélissier, 1977
[5]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, pages 1-4, Lusaka Cheke
Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[6]
Almanac of African Peoples & Nations page 523,
Social Science By Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Transaction Publishers,
Putgers - The State University, New Jersey,
ISBN 1-56000-433-9
[7]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, pages 3-8, Lusaka Cheke
Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[8]
Almanac of African Peoples & Nations page 523,
Social Science By Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Transaction Publishers,
Putgers - The State University, New Jersey,
ISBN 1-56000-433-9
[9]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, pages 3-8, Lusaka Cheke
Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[10] Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, pages 8-18, Lusaka
Cheke Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[11]
Terms of Trade and Terms of
Trust: The History and Contexts of Pre-colonial ...By Achim von
Oppen, page 113 refers
[12]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, pages 19-49, 62-75,
84-103, Lusaka Cheke Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[13]
Not to be confused with the
Ngangela language
[14]
Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
[15]
Not to be confused with the
Ngangela language
[16]
Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
[17]
Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
[18]
Not to be
confused with the Ngangela language
[19]
Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
[20]
René Pélissier, Les Guerres Grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola (1845–1941),
Montamets(Orgeval: Éditions Pélisier, 1977
[21]
René Pélissier,
La révolte des Bunda (1916-1917), pp.
408 - 412 (French for "the Mbunda revolt"), section footnotes citing
sources: Luís Figueira, Princesa Negra:
O preço da civilização em África, Coimbra
Edição do autor, 1932.
[22]
Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and
Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke Cultural
Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
[23]
Restoration of The Mbunda Kingdom in Pictures
[24]
Robert
Papstein, 1994, The History and Cultural Life of the Mbunda
Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke Cultural Writers Association,
ISBN 9982-03-006-X
Further reading
-
Almanac of African Peoples & Nations page 523, Social Science By
Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Transaction Publishers, Putgers - The
State University, New Jersey, ISBN 1-56000-433-9
-
Robert Papstein The History and Cultural Life of the Mbunda
Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke Cultural Writers Association,
1994, ISBN 9982-03-006-X
-
Terms of Trade and Terms of Trust: The History and Contexts of
Pre-colonial ...By Achim von Oppen, page 113
- Abshire, D.M. and Michael Samuels, eds,
Angola Handbook, London, 1965,
-
Bull, M.M. Bulozi Under the Luyana Kings, London, 1973
- Davidson, Basil, In the Eye of the Storm:
Angola's People, New York, 1973,
- Duffy, J. Portuguese West Africa, Cambridge,
1961,
- White, C.M.N. Notes on the Political
Organisation of the Kabompo District and its Inhabitants,
African Studies, IX, (1950), pp. 185–93.
- José Redinha, Etnias e Culturas de Angola,
Luanda: Instituto de Investigação Científica, 1975; reprinted
fac-simile by the Associação das Universidades de Língua
Portuguesa, 2009,
ISBN 978-989-8271-00-6
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